Concerning your second item: I'm not sure how it compares, but there's chocolatey: https://chocolatey.org/
Concerning #4 there's Console2, ConEmu, and Cmder which is a package with ConEmu.
There are solutions for all but one of the above, which I mention because Brew isn't an Apple driven solution, so I assume you don't mind other decent solutions not provided by Microsoft.
Yes, I am fine with non Microsoft solutions. Chocolatey is good but is very sparse when it comes to packages. Also, it is no match for [brewcask](http://caskroom.io/). Updated my checklist - thanks for the list
[x] Multiple desktops
[ ] Command line package manager like OSX's brew
[ ] Unified application install/upgrade center
[ ] Better terminal (tabs, anti-aliased fonts, split view)
[ ] Basic GNU utils (grep, ssh, find)