I wonder if adaptation to cold in Neanderthals included torpor during the winter. That could at least provide an alternative explanation for their eradication/dilution by Sapiens, despite the evidence they had greater physical strength and larger brains than the later. The newly arrived Sapiens learned to raid Neanderthal shelters in the winter, while they slept and were mostly defenseless.
There's one paper from 2020 suggesting that Neanderthals may have torpor (there's some evidence in bone growth patterns suggesting that they basically just... stopped during winters).
That being said, Homo Sapiens likely could have directly out-competed Neanderthals even without this hypothesis. While Neanderthals almost certainly could overpower Homo Sapiens, we've yet to find any evidence of projectile use amongst Neanderthals, especially bow and arrow. There's also some evidence suggesting that Neanderthals biomechanics/skeletons would have severely restricted their ability to use throwing spears.
The spread of Homo Sapiens tends to coincide with local changes in climate transitioning from forest to grassland environments, which would have further favored the the apparent range advantage that H. Sapiens had.
"we've yet to find any evidence of projectile use amongst Neanderthals, especially bow and arrow"
Interestingly, the same is true about their contemporary Homo sapiens sapiens competitors. There is no evidence of use of bows and arrows in Europe until way after the Neanderthals died out.
> There's one paper from 2020 suggesting that Neanderthals may have torpor (there's some evidence in bone growth patterns suggesting that they basically just... stopped during winters).
Do you have a link for that. It would be fascinating if true and would easily explain how they were out competed to Homo Sapiens.
There is just one warm-blooded Primate, the Lemur, which experiences torpor. So there is precedent within the order taxon.
There are still many uncertainties about how sapiens outcompeted and interbred neanderthals. How hard was it for them to find food in winter? Less food could also explain slowed growth. Why did they not invent spears or bows? Maybe they were accurate enough with stones.
Sapiens in Europe went extinct roughly the same time that Neanderthals in Europe went extinct, or shortly thereafter. Careful DNA testing has not been any to detect any DNA signature that carried from 30,000 BC to the present population. All humans, of all species, seemed to have gone extinct at some point. It is known that Europe was colonized by Neolithic farmers who expanded out of Turkey about 17,000 years ago, this group had DNA that is still found in the modern population. But none of the older DNA seems to have survived. Therefore it is not clear that Sapiens eradicated or diluted Neanderthals in Europe. They all died out.
>It is known that Europe was colonized by Neolithic farmers who expanded out of Turkey about 17,000 years ago, this group had DNA that is still found in the modern population. But none of the older DNA seems to have survived.
This is not true. Western Hunter Gatherers preceded Neolithic farmers from Anatolia and their genes survive in the modern populations of Europe.
Maybe some European fairy-tales have much deeper roots in history than we think? Perhaps the original sleeping beauty was a Neanderthal lady kidnapped as a bride while in torpor, by an invading Sapiens group. Things like that happening back in the ice age could help explain both the remnants of Neanderthal DNA in our genomes and provide an foundation to the folk tale.
The ancestors of pretty much all Europeans could only have come in contact with the Neanderthals in the Middle East so there probably was too much movement and mixing etc. for something like that to survive.
However it’s hypothesized that during the neolithic farmers immigrating from Anatolia/etc. lived alongside the hunter gatherer communities for quite a while. The types of environments preferred by hunter gatherers didn’t have the soil suitable for early agriculture.
But there probably was still quite a but of friction and violence. Also both groups were very different phenotypically, Western Europeans had very dark/black skin and often blue eyes while the middle eastern immigrants had pale skin and dark eyes.
That mixing of Sapien and Neanderthal genes, which survives in the modern population, occurred in the Middle East, in the Caucus mountains, and in modern day Turkey. But of the Sapien DNA that we have from Europe before 30,000 BC, we cannot find any trace of it in the modern population.
More or less the same as you just did? i.e. these were independent branches just like chimps and humans.
Albeit there was some mixing even in the areas settled by Anatolian farmers. According to current estimates the WHG population was very low to begin with and they continued living alongside farmers for quite a while (due to both groups preferring different environments/soil types) so it probably was more gradual rather than direct replacement/genocide.
That mixing of Sapien and Neanderthal genes, which survives in the modern population, occurred in the Middle East, in the Caucus mountains, and in modern day Turkey. But of the Sapien DNA that we have from Europe before 30,000 BC, we cannot find any trace of it in the modern population.
Humans can exhibit some mild torpor like behavior in extreme winter conditions. We are not ‘exclusively’ cold adapted lifeforms. Even if the Neanderthals had more adaptations for surviving in northern climates that does not mean they are exclusive polar specialists like the arctic fox or the polar bear.
From the little I've read and watched regarding animal intelligence, it's typically mentioned that the brain-to-body size ratio is more important/correlated to estimated intelligence than brain size alone. It seems to help explain things like the outsized intelligence of certain smaller animals (e.g. corvids), but it also seems to only be a partial explanation.
Makes more sense to dedicate larger share of body-mass to brains the smarter the brain is. So I don't think it is that the big brain makes them smart, its that smart brains can make up for being a bigger burden so they grow larger.
