> ... How do dogs know what not to eat in the wild?

They don’t.

Then how have any survived?

Observe the human response to dandelions; are they weeds or are they edible?

Do they have lobed leaves? What [neurons,] do mammals have to heuristically generalize according to visual and gustatory-olfactory features, and counterfactually which don't they have?

Or it's entirely learned, and then the coding for the substrate is still relevant