Another annoying scenario is when the search result isn't the actual page/article/… itself, but only a snippet within a site's own (paginated) index.
At the time Google had indexed that page, the article preview you were looking for was maybe on page 5 of that index, but by the time you're arriving, it might have moved to page 11 because of all the additional content that got added since then.
With online shops it's even worse, because there items get both added and possibly removed again, plus the default ordering usually isn't strictly chronologically but some sort of popularity-based or whatever algorithm, so something that originally was indexed on page 5 of the catalogue might by now be on page 2 or on page 12 or it might have been dropped from the inventory altogether.
Even worse are the related articles/posts some sites like to show next to the main content. It really shows Google's lack of progress that they still haven't figured out a way to handle these cases better.
At the time Google had indexed that page, the article preview you were looking for was maybe on page 5 of that index, but by the time you're arriving, it might have moved to page 11 because of all the additional content that got added since then.
With online shops it's even worse, because there items get both added and possibly removed again, plus the default ordering usually isn't strictly chronologically but some sort of popularity-based or whatever algorithm, so something that originally was indexed on page 5 of the catalogue might by now be on page 2 or on page 12 or it might have been dropped from the inventory altogether.