A simple test of the rules StackRanker3000 linkes to is whether you'd hold a PhD degree from those establishments in high regard independent of the field. If so, that's a universitet. If you'd only highly respect PhD degrees awarded in a few areas, like STEM fields when it comes to CalTech or MIT, that's a högskola, similar to an institute (possibly polytechnic if it is strong in more than one field).

And as was written above, some establishments, as they grew from institutes to universities, decided to keep the old name, MIT and CalTech included.

This may be helpful: https://www.studera.nu/startpage/higher-education/universiti...

> To put it very simply, the difference between universities (universitet) and university colleges (högskolor) is that universities can award degrees at the doctoral (third cycle) level because they have general permission to do so.

> the difference between universities (universitet) and university colleges (högskolor) is that universities can award degrees at the doctoral (third cycle) level because they have general permission to do so.

The text wrongly implies that "högskolor" cannot award doctoral degrees. This is not true. It's just that they don't have a built-in general permission to do so.

In practice, KTH/CTH etc have a large number of doctoral students and award many doctoral degrees every year.

Not to discredit any of what you said, but I believe both KTH and CTH are classified as universities, despite what their names imply.

This is correct. KTH hasn't changed its name because the name has an extremely long history.

No, they would be considered institutions with too low of a standing.