In some ways, they do have costs - the on-going extra wear / load on everything in the vehicle, which presumably is covered by the warranty if you pay for this. That's not free, nor zero.
Wouldn’t the additional wear and tear accumulate over time? The effect of added acceleration doesn’t apply all at once. Mercedes probably does know the rate, and the fee may well cover that.
Higher warranty claim rate due to the higher motor output? That's on Mercedes. But only during the warranty period. And if they have any sense they've modeled out that additional wear and now how much it costs (they need it to correctly price a subscription too).
Chances are they've over-engineered the car so there aren't (many) additional warranty clams. So any argument that you get savings passed to the consumer are likely incorrect. The buyer pays for a chassis/brakes/etc that can handle 500hp even if they only want the 300hp version.