AFAIK the youngest machine stuck on El Capitan (released 6 years ago, not 5) is a MacBook Air released 11 years and one month ago. Anything newer is at least on High Sierra (relased 4 years ago).
All I know is that they followed the default and ended up being unable to even open the app store to update their OS. Whatever OS support is available for whatever hardware, Apple effectively orphaned that machine.
I recently updated an old MacbookPro6,2 from Yosemite to High Sierra and that was a complete disaster. Took me a huge amount of time.
I think there two problems: the upgrade could not handle the way the disk was partitioned (or something else). Everything I tried kept failing until I removed the disk, and completely wiped it. Discussions I found online were not helpful.
The other part is the magic you need to download High Sierra on a newer Macbook. It is not as if you can just go to the Apple store and download it.
That said, I have been using Macbooks for work for the last 10 years or so. They always get upgraded a couple of times during their lifetimes. Usually not a big problem. So I was quite surprised how bad it went.
High Sierra introduced APFS, so I'm not surprised you might have had formatting issues. Still, I wonder how common multiple partitions really are - among nerds, sure - in the broader userbase.
I needed to upgrade my Mom's MacBook (a 2017, bad keyboard and all) to Catalina to make sure she could still get updates for Office 2016.
This has since been replaced by an M1 Air and Office 2021, but the migration was easier this way. Old versions of macOS are listed at this URL, which is how I got a link for the latest 10.15 installer.
