> Are you sure about this? I am not a lawyer, but I believe that the Terms of Service applies to all users, not just those that explicitly set up a user account.

How would that even work? If I browse to any random public page of your website, it's served to me before you've even transmitted the terms of service. How could I be bound by those terms of service when I haven't even seen them?

As an engineer, I agree with what you are saying, but I think normal people and the courts disagree.

I think these sorts of contracts are called Adhesion Contracts (https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/adhesion-contract.asp) and we interact with them all the time. For example, if you valet your car, the valet will hand you a piece of paper with a number printed on it to retrieve your car. On that paper you will find an adhesion contract that is valid and real (although not as powerful as the types of contracts that you sign)

This does not work at least for software licensing based on precedents for shrink-wrap contracts, so again would not work for licensing use of data.

A paper served you by the valet is not an immediate contract as you can deny agreeing to it and service does not happen.

You cannot do that with a publicly visible website, unless you show ToS and require agreement before first use. If you allow a non-transferable license then said data cannot be used by a search engine. If it's transferable you just pushed the problem towards scraping a different bot. (Well, you could have a direct agreement with a few major search engines.)

Caveat emptor: not a lawyer.

IANAL, but it seems like ToS could still govern your use of the data which you viewed. Sure, it seems like you couldn't claim any violation based on visiting a random page. But if the ToS is clearly identified on the page and you do something with the data that violates them, perhaps the owner of the site has a case.

> perhaps the owner of the site has a case.

Except it sounds like the owner doesn't. If the information is on the page made public, the owner of the page can't place terms on what is done with the data downstream. They'd have to implement some real binding system such as authentication where CFAA would apply. (IANAL)

Correct, but all of that is void if the data presented is any sort of protected information (copyright, IP, etc.). You can't, for example, scrape Yahoo Finance for pricing and dividend history and republish on your own stock tools website. They have a license to redistribute that data and publish on their own website. Similar story for copyrighted text and things of that nature.

That would require at least showing that ToS on first use. A link on a page is insufficient.

And said ToS would have to force copyright reassignment rather than a general licence, making LinkedIn culpable for any unlawful content published by users of its site.

I am a lawyer, and there isn't really an easy answer to these questions.

TOS are a lot like EULAs. If they look like contracts of adhesion, then they're going to get more scrutiny and skepticism. The TOS that you claim applies even to every single random visitor to your site where they do not in fact affirmatively agree to the terms is potentially going to look more like a contract of adhesion. That's a lot harder to enforce.

If they are used more for CYA so that you can ban undesirable accounts from your website which people explicitly agreed to when they signed up for it, or so that you can just up and alter your entire business model without having to give all of your customers refunds, then they're easier to defend.

Just my general opinion, of course. Every jurisdiction is different.

Also not a lawyer, but you cannot force me to accept your terms of service. Contract law requires both parties agree to enter it.

When you create an account, etc., you are agreeing to those terms. If I browse a public webpage that just has a terms of service link on the bottom of it, I've not agreed to anything.

> Are you sure about this? I am not a lawyer, but I believe that the Terms of Service applies to all users, not just those that explicitly set up a user account.

Typically you'll see TOS say something along the lines of "by continuing to access this site you agree..." or "if you do not agree with these terms you may not access this site..."

Whether that's enough to create a binding contract depends on the jurisdiction and who you ask.

It can also depend on the terms themselves. I can put "by using this site you agree to bake me a chocolate cake" on my website all day, but that doesn't mean I will be able to force you to bake me a chocolate cake.

Terms of Service is a form of contractual agreement, which requires there be an offer and subsequent agreement by the parties.

I don't think criminal law was ever part of this.

From the article, the LinkedIn decision was that scraping data does not violate the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Violating that act was considered to be criminal activity. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act)

But the claim of a violation was only a claim as part of a civil trial. The law has both civil and criminal elements to it, and this is about the tort part of the law.

LinkedIn made threats accusing hiq of criminal behavior, but that doesn't mean there's any criminal precedent being set here, as far as I can tell. And no one was criminally charged.

Separately, part of the ruling states that for the purposes of authorization, defying a cease and desist letter does not constitute illegal access, which might have some criminal implications. They imply some sort of technical authorization system must be bypassed, which didn't happen, since the data is "public."

(Which doesn't square well, imho, with existing meatspace law. If a public serving business banned someone from their store, the door being unlocked isn't an excuse to ignore that ban and trespass. But I digress.)

With the overlapping areas of law, it's admittedly beyond my understanding. But the law is generally viewed, like dmca, as being overreaching, if not at least partly unconstitutional.

The CFAA is overreaching, and used often as a catch all. 'Reply All' has a good episode which explores this. This is actually what was used against Aaron Swartz when he was charged for downloading academic journals from MIT, and why his charges were unjustly severe.

Reply All - #43 The Law That Sticks https://gimletmedia.com/shows/reply-all/rnhoxb

It doesn't completely answer your question, but what Nathan is pointing out is that private contracts cannot negate common law.