I don't know of a good source beyond textbooks or papers which focus precisely on the low level crypto details you (rightly) want to avoid. There just isn't much of a need for that kind of nuance most of the time. I also (gently) reject the premise; as far as practical security is concerned, if your team is recommending Argon2/scrypt/bcrypt to developers then that's far more important than being able to explain the difference between key derivation and keyless password hashing.
It's essentially like rectangles versus squares. You can create a key derivation function out of anything which passes all the criteria of a password hashing function. But it won't be a particularly performant or useful key derivation function. Likewise you can create a password hashing algorithm out of a dedicated key derivation function, but that's insufficient on its own.
There's no need to get bogged down in the details, just continue recommending a reputable implementation of these algorithms. On the other hand, if you'd like to learn more out of intellectual curiosity, Boneh & Shoup's textbook is good (work in progress) [1]. Galbraith's textbook includes chapters which cover the topic to a depth that's beyond what you're looking for, but you'll learn whatever it is you want to know [2].
Finally, more accessible, informal answers that get the basic idea across are [3], [4].
It's essentially like rectangles versus squares. You can create a key derivation function out of anything which passes all the criteria of a password hashing function. But it won't be a particularly performant or useful key derivation function. Likewise you can create a password hashing algorithm out of a dedicated key derivation function, but that's insufficient on its own.
There's no need to get bogged down in the details, just continue recommending a reputable implementation of these algorithms. On the other hand, if you'd like to learn more out of intellectual curiosity, Boneh & Shoup's textbook is good (work in progress) [1]. Galbraith's textbook includes chapters which cover the topic to a depth that's beyond what you're looking for, but you'll learn whatever it is you want to know [2].
Finally, more accessible, informal answers that get the basic idea across are [3], [4].
1. https://toc.cryptobook.us/
2. https://www.math.auckland.ac.nz/~sgal018/crypto-book/main.pd...
3. https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/95410/what-is-t...
4. https://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/70716/key-derivat...