Here in Norway we use something like that for access to banks, tax, pensions, social services, etc. All of these services allow you to log in with what is called BankID. You apply for BankID and supply an ID like your passport then all the other banks and institutions accept that. It uses a two factor scheme with SMS, code cards, apps in SIM cards, etc.
But of course this isn't available to be used by some random kitten video trading site.
Also why would I want to give up my real identity to a lot of the sites that use a captcha?
I had a chat with my American co-worker why they don't use something more modern, and he seriously tried to explain me that requiring ID would be racist.
Now I knew the theory already, since I spend a lot of time online, but I asked him to explain it to other co workers, most of them very liberal as they say in U. S, they all thought he is joking.
But of course this isn't available to be used by some random kitten video trading site.
Also why would I want to give up my real identity to a lot of the sites that use a captcha?