And, with the exception of Ada and Pascal, most of those language have been dead for at least 20 years--for various good reasons.
And, please do remember that Apple switched away from Pascal when writing its operating systems in spite of an enormous code base. That's pretty damning--apparently C's "undefined behavior" didn't seem to matter.
So, we're back to: the only alternative to C is Ada.
> Though there are certainly current alternatives to C besides those on TIOBE.
Let me make it easy. Give me a list of languages that have been used to build an operating system in a product in the last 20 years. It doesn't have to be Linux, even a small RTOS counts.
I'll start the list:
C family--C, C++, ObjC/Swift
Forth(?)--probably counts as it runs on pretty bare metal
Ada--not sure anybody has used it to build an OS, but I don't debate that they could
Rust--has a feature set of articles about this
Pascal--the original Lisa and Macintosh OS (probably stretching that 20 year limit a bit).
I am happy with your list of languages to write an OS in, maybe add D and Oberon. I'd point out that you can also use managed languages, see MS Singularity, or the various Lisp and Smalltalk operating systems, or the UCSD P-system, etc - there is a list at https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language-based_system .
Counting new commercial operating systems is not a useful benchmark as they are very rare, and we already agreed that the alternatives are not popular.
And, please do remember that Apple switched away from Pascal when writing its operating systems in spite of an enormous code base. That's pretty damning--apparently C's "undefined behavior" didn't seem to matter.
So, we're back to: the only alternative to C is Ada.
> Though there are certainly current alternatives to C besides those on TIOBE.
Let me make it easy. Give me a list of languages that have been used to build an operating system in a product in the last 20 years. It doesn't have to be Linux, even a small RTOS counts.
I'll start the list:
C family--C, C++, ObjC/Swift
Forth(?)--probably counts as it runs on pretty bare metal
Ada--not sure anybody has used it to build an OS, but I don't debate that they could
Rust--has a feature set of articles about this
Pascal--the original Lisa and Macintosh OS (probably stretching that 20 year limit a bit).
And?