Mass production would probably have to be more like finding a method to synthesize artificial minerals similar to nephrite, chalcedony, or carbonado.
Perhaps slag wool, basalt fiber wool, ceramic fiber wool, or fiberglass wool, compressed into a felt, then impregnated with a noncrystalline material or polymer? It might not have the same feature size as dental enamel, but anything you make would also need to be economically viable.
Seems like you could replicate the effect cheaply at scale by layering fiberglass cloth, running vertical thread bundles through the layers, and binding the stack into a solid composite with polypropylene.