That basically blames US consumers for Chinese policy and environmental practices - how is a US consumer going to force China to stop using coal powerplants?
The choice/substitution argument doesn’t work when there are no practical alternatives. This is why climate change and pollution are not individual choices, but a global imperative. Anything short of global coordinated action to mitigate won’t work (and won’t be enough). What individuals can do is put pressure on their officials and buy sensibly when choice is there.
Do you have a reference to a list which does that calculation?
All the other states at the to of that carbon per capita list also seem like they're highly dependent on imports, possibly more than the US, so I'd expect that many of the factors you describe also apply to them. The gulf states also have to get their phones from abroad.
In all non-trivial codebases you have to learn how other people implemented something. It can be easy or take time depending on the how well it's written.
Macros are not different than functions: one can create readable or crazy spaghetti code in any language.
If you find a codebase full of unreadable macros it's not different than any other type of bad code: stay away from it or simplify it.
Personally, I'm yet to find a macro that makes the code less readable or more difficult to understand.
...because nowadays the world of software is marketing driven. People often ask me what big company is behind Nim even before asking about its design and features.
E.g. if you import a phone from China you have to account for the energy usage and pollution as yours.